学生学术规范指南
前言：致新同学
百年川大，巍巍学府，素以“集思想之大成、育国家之栋梁、开学术之先河、促科技之进步、引社会之方向”为己任。每一位川大学子应自觉传承川大精神，秉承“崇尚学术，追求卓越”的理念，积极从祖国优秀传统文化中吸取营养，在严格的专业学习、科研训练中坚持和弘扬科学精神，树立尊重科学规律、崇尚严谨求实的治学态度，培养勇于探索、锐意进取的创新意识，恪守学术诚信，维护学术道德，珍惜学术声誉，确保学习过程和学术成果的“廉”与“洁”。
避免学术不端行为首先要加强思想道德修养，同时掌握基本的学术规范，养成良好的学习习惯。请各位同学在正式开始川大学习生活之前认真这份学习、领会《学术诚信指南》的字字句句，并在今后的学习科研中严格按照学术规范的精神约束自身行为，做到诚实做人、诚信治学。同时由于不同专业的独特性，本《指南》无法囊括所有在未来学习和科研中遇到的与学术诚信相关的所有问题。因此，同学们应该把握每一个机会向你的导师、课题负责人以及学院寻求更加具体的指导，认真了解和学习本专业对于学术规范进一步的详细要求。
规范篇
一、考试和作业环节的规范
所有的考试都应独立完成。开卷和闭卷考试应遵守考场纪律，服从考场工作人员的安排与要求，正确填写个人信息。以论文形式完成的考试，需直接引用或同义表述他人观点的，必须做出正确的引用说明。实验类考试，应遵守考场实验室的安全规定和各项要求。
所有提交的作业应独立完成。对于任课教师明确说明需要合作完成的工作，应严格按照关于合作的具体要求完成。
二、学术论著（学术论文、学位论文）的写作规范
根据《科学技术报告、学位论文和学术论文的编写格式》（GB/T 7713—1987）的定义，学术论文是某一学术课题在实验性、理论性或观测性上具有新的科学研究成果或创新见解和知识的科学记录；或是某种已知原理应用于实际中取得新进展的科学总结，用以提供学术会议上宣读、交流或讨论；或在学术刊物上发表；或做其他用途的书面文件。
根据《学位论文编写规则》（GB/T 7713.1—2006）的定义，学位论文是标明作者从事科学研究取得的创造性成果和创新见解，并以此为内容撰写的、作为提出申请授予相应的学位评审用的学术论文。
学术论文和学位论文作为个人学术成果的汇报，在内容上应做到观点清晰、内容翔实、论据充分、数据可靠、文字简练，并具创新性、探索性和较高的学术价值；在形式上应做到要素完整、格式规范。论文一般应包括题名、署名、摘要、关键词、正文、参考文献等部分。学术论文就是用文字、数字和图表等将有关科学研究的过程、方法和结果，用书面的方式向其他人公布的一种信息传递形式。
（一）封面
封面是论文的外表面，应提供必要的信息，并起保护作用。
（1）学位论文封面包括以下要素：
—— 分类号
根据论文中主题内容，对照分类法选取中图分类号、学科分类号、国际十字分类号（UDC），著录在左上角。中图分类号一般选取1~2 个，学科分类号标注1 个。中图分类号参照《中国图书资料分类法》《中国图书馆分类法》，学科分类号参照《学科分类与代码》（GB/T 13745—2008）。
示例 ：中图分类号 G250.7 学科分类号 870.3055
—— 论文编号
由单位代码和年份（后两位）及四位序号组成。
示例 ：ISTIC 03-0034 (中国科学技术信息研究所2003年第0034号学位论文)
—— 密级
按国家规定的保密等级及代码，在右上角论文编号下注明（参见GB 7156—2003《文献保密等级代码与标识》）。
—— 学位授予单位，指授予学位的机构。
—— 学位论文名称
按照《中华人民共和国学位条例暂行实施办法》的规定进行标注。如：学士学位论文、硕士学位论文、博士学位论文等。
—— 题名
标注在学位论文名称下明显位置。题名以简明的词语反映论文最重要的特定内容（不超过20 字），应避免使用不常用缩略词、首字母缩写字、字符、代号和公式等。
题名用词必须考虑有助于选定关键词和编制题录、文摘等二次文献，可以提供检索用的特定实用信息。
在整篇学位论文中的不同地方出现时，题名应完全相同。学位论文如是基金资助项目，应将基金注释在题名所在页下“脚注”位置。
—— 责任者姓名
责任者包括论文的作者、作者的导师、评阅人、答辩会主席等。必要时可注明个人责任者的姓名、职称、学位、学习工作单位、地址与邮编。
如责任者姓名有必要附注汉语拼音时，必须遵照国家规定，即姓在名前，名连成一词，不加连字符，不缩写。
—— 工作完成日期
包括论文提交日期，学位论文答辩日期，学位授予日期，出版部门收到日期（必要时）等。
—— 出版项
出版地及出版者名称，出版年、月、日（必要时）等。
（2） 学位论文的封二可作为封面标识项目的延续，如版权规定，其他应注明项目等。
（二）题名
题名是文章的旗帜，它用于揭示主题，体现文章的中心内容。题名要以最恰当、最简明的词语反映论文、报告中最重要的特定内容的逻辑组合，要与文章内容风格一致，合乎语法要求，并要有诱读力。
题名要符合编制题录、索引和检索的有关原则，用词必须考虑到有助于选定关键词和编制题录、索引等二次文献可以提供检索的特定实用信息，并避免使用不常见的缩略词、首字母缩写字、字符、代号和公式等。中文题名一般不超过20字，必要时可加副题名。用作国际交流时，应有外文(多用英文)题名。外文题名一般不宜超过10个实词。
《学位论文编写规则》中，题名页（Title Page），是论文的内封面，置于封二或衬页之后，正文之前，另页起。题名页是对学位论文进行著录的依据。题名页著录内容除包括封面上的中图分类号、学科分类号、论文编号、密级、授予学位单位、学位论文名称、论文题名、作者姓名、导师姓名、出版单位、出版印刷日期数据外，还包括关键词、资助基金项目、学习单位、学科名称、研究方向、学制、论文提交日期、申请学位级别、导师职称、授予学位名称、工作单位等数据。
1. 关键词
关键词是为用户查找文献，从文中选取出来用以揭示全文主题内容的一组词语或术语。每篇论文可选取3～8个关键词。关键词排在出版单位的左上方，应尽量采用词表中的规范词。
2. 资助基金项目
指论文产生的资助背景，属于论文题名注释，可著录在题名所在页下的“脚注”位置。
示例 ：国家自然科学基金资助项目（59637050）
3. 培养单位
指培养学位申请人的单位或学校。
4. 学科名称
指学位申请人主修学科的名称，参照国务院学位委员会办公室、教育部颁布的《授予博士、硕士学位和培养研究生的学科目录》。
5．研究方向
指学位申请人学习时研究的课题。
6．申请学位级别
指按《中华人民共和国学位条例暂行实施办法》规定的名称进行申请的学位级别。如文学学士、医学硕士、工学博士等（参照GB 6864《中华人民共和国学位代码》）。
7. 授予学位名称
指答辩委员会通过，并经有关部门批准的学位（参照GB 6864《中华人民共和国学位代码》）。
（三）署名
署名是作者对作品负责和拥有著作权的标志，应置于文章题名下方，必要时可注明作者职务、职称、学位、所在单位名称及地址等信息。
合著者署名时应注意署名者必须对研究工作做出过实质贡献，参与论文写作并对论文内容承担相应责任。合著者的署名之间用逗号分隔，一般按贡献大小排列名次。团体作者应署团体名，同时还应署出执笔者姓名。如署名有必要附注汉语拼音时，必须遵照国家规定，即姓在名前，名连成一词，不加连字符，不缩写，首字母大写。译文的署名，应当著者在前，译者在后，著者前用六角括号标明国籍。
根据《学位论文编写规则》中，导师简介应包括姓名、性别、出生年月日、民族、出生地、学位、职称、学历、工作经历（职务）、著作与成就、联系方式等。作者简介应包括姓名、性别、出生年月日、民族、出生地、学位、职称、学历、工作经历（职务）、著作与成就、联系方式等。
（四）摘要
摘要又称概要、内容提要，是对论文具体内容的简短陈述，一般置于题名和作者名之后、正文之前。摘要的基本要素包括研究目的、方法、结果和结论，是读者进行检索和初步了解文章内容的重要途径。具体地讲，摘要内容包括研究工作的主要对象和范围、采用的手段和方法、得出的结果和重要的结论，有时也包括具有情报价值的其他重要的信息。
《学位论文编写规则》中，摘要是学位论文的内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述，一般应另页置于题名页之后。
学位论文应有摘要，为了国际交流，还应有外文（多用英文）摘要。摘要应具有独立性和自含性，即不阅读论文的全文，就能获得必要的信息。摘要中有数据、有结论，是一篇完整的短文，可以独立使用，可以引用。摘要的内容应包含与报告、论文等同量的主要信息，供读者确定有无必要阅读全文，也可供二次文献（文摘等）采用。摘要一般应说明研究工作目的、实验方法、结果和最终结论等，重点是结果和结论。
中文摘要一般不宜超过200～300字，外文摘要不宜超过250个实词。如遇特殊需要字数可以略多，具体参照各专业期刊的要求。除了实在无变通办法可用以外，摘要中不用图、表、化学结构式、非公知公用的符号和术语。
（五）关键词
一般学术论文的关键词是为了便于文献索引和检索而选取的能反映论文主题概念的词或词组，每篇论文可选取3~8个关键词。
关键词要另起一行排在摘要的下方，应尽量采用《汉语主题词表》等词表提供的规范词，未被词表收录的新学科、新技术中的重要术语和地区、人物、文献、产品及重要数据名称，也可作为关键词标出。多个关键词之间用分号分隔，中、英文关键词应一一对应。
（六）序言（或前言、绪论）
序言（或前言、绪论）是学术论著的开头部分。序言主要说明研究工作的目的和范围、国内外相关研究概述、相关领域的前人工作和知识空白、研究设想和方法、研究的预期结果和意义等。一般的学术论文可以只用小段文字用作序言，序言应开门见山，言简意赅，不要与摘要雷同或成为摘要的注释，避免公式推导和一般性的方法介绍。学位论文的序言可以单独成章，用来反映作者确已掌握了坚实的基础理论和系统的专门知识，具有开阔的科学视野，对研究方案做了充分论证。序言部分可以包含文献评论的环节，说明自己的研究与以往研究的关系。序言部分还应有方法介绍的环节，介绍包括学术研究中使用的资料收集方法和资料分析方法的说明，即对研究设计（研究方式、研究对象、研究变量）的说明，同时还要对研究质量和研究的局限性进行说明，进而逐步改进和完善研究设想。
序或前言并非必备。学位论文的序，一般是作者或他人对本篇论文基本特征的简介，如说明研究工作缘起、背景、主旨、目的、意义、编写体例，以及资助、支持、协作经过等，也可以评述和对相关问题发表意见。这些内容也可以在正文引言中说明。
引言（或绪论）简要说明研究工作的目的、范围、相关领域的前人工作和知识空白、理论基础和分析、研究设想、研究方法和实验设计、预期结果和意义等。应言简意赅。
为了反映论文作者确已掌握了坚实的基础理论和系统的专门知识，具有开阔的科学视野，对研究方案做了充分论证，因此，学位论文中有关历史回顾和前人工作的综合评述，以及理论分析等，可以单独成章，专门叙述。
（七）正文部分
正文是学位论文的核心部分，占主要篇幅，可以包括调查对象、实验和观测方法、仪器设备、材料原料、实验和观测结果、计算方法和编程原理、数据资料、经过加工整理的图表、形成的论点和导出的结论等。
由于研究工作涉及的学科、选题、研究方法、工作进程、结果表达方式等有很大的差异，对正文内容不能做统一的规定。但是，必须实事求是，客观真切，准确完备，合乎逻辑，层次分明，简练可读。
1．层次标题
层次标题是指除文章题名外的不同级别的分标题。各级层次标题都要简短明确，同一层次的标题应尽可能“排比”，即词（或词组）类型相同（或相近），意义相关，语气一致。各层次标题要醒目，其字体与正文字体要有明显的区别。
各层次标题一律用阿拉伯数字连续编号，不同层次的数字之间用小圆点“．”相隔，末位数字后面不加点号，各层次的序号均左顶格起排，后空一个字距接排标题。
2．图
图包括曲线图、构造图、示意图、图解、框图、流程图、纪录图、布置图、地图、照片、图版等。
图应具有“自明性”，即只看图、图题和图例，不阅读正文，就可理解图义。
图应有编号。图的编号由“图”和从“1”开始的阿拉伯数字组成，图较多时，可分章编号。
图宜有图题，图题即图的名称，置于图的编号之后。图的编号和图题应置于图下方的居中位置。
曲线图的纵横坐标必须标注“量、标准规定符号、单位”。此三者只有在不必要标明（如无量纲等）的情况下方可省略。坐标上标注的量的符号和缩略词必须与正文中一致。
照片图要求主题和主要显示部分的轮廓鲜明，便于制版。如用放大缩小的复制品，必须清晰，反差适中。照片上应有表示目的物尺寸的标度。
3．表
表的编排，一般是内容和测试项目由左至右横读，数据依序竖读。表的编排建议采用国际通行的三线表。
表应具有“自明性”。 即只看表、表题，不阅读正文，就可理解表义。
表应有编号。表的编号由“表”和从“1”开始的阿拉伯数字组成，表较多时，可分章编号。
表宜有表题，表题即表的名称，置于表的编号之后。表的编号和表题应置于表上方的居中位置。
如某个表需要转页接排，在随后的各页上应重复表的编号。编号后跟表题（可省略）和“（续）”，置于表的上方。
如下所示：
表1（续）
续表均应重复表头和关于单位的陈述。
4．公式
正文中的公式、算式或方程式等应编排序号，序号标注于该式所在行(当有续行时，应标注于最后一行)的最右边。文章中重要的或后文要重新提及的数学式、反应式等可另行起排，并用阿拉伯数字连续编序号。序号加圆括号，右顶格排。
数学公式需转行，用两行或多行来表示时，只能在紧靠其中符号“ ＝”“＋”“－”“±”“×”“·”“／”等处转行。上下处尽可能在等号“＝”处对齐。
化学实验式、分子式、离子式、电子式、反应式、结构式和数学式等的编排，应遵守有关规定。反应式中的反应条件应用比正文小一号的字符标注于反应关系符号的上下方。
5．计量单位
计量单位的定义和使用应严格执行1984年2月27日国务院发布的《中华人民共和国法定计量单位》的规定。单位名称和符号的书写方式一律采用国际通用符号。有计量单位如需用市制表示，应注明换算后的法定计量单位。论文正文和图表中使用的计量单位需保持一致。
6．引用
引用一般分为直接引用和间接引用。直接引用指直接抄录原文，引文前后需使用引号；间接引用指综合转述他人观点和理论，引用时必须加以标注。凡引用他人作品和观点，必须遵照《中华人民共和国著作权法》和《中华人民共和国著作权法实施条例》相关规定，注明作者姓名、作品名称和作品出处，并注意尊重文献原意，不可断章取义。
7．注释
注释是对论文中语汇、内容、背景、引文等所做的解释和说明。注释可分为夹注、脚注和尾注。夹注即在正文中或图表中注释，一般在需要注释的内容后加上括号，在括号内写明注文。脚注是指在文本中需要注释的地方用序号标注，将注释内容置于本页下端，注释序号一般以带圈的数字用上标编号。尾注是指把注释集中在论文的末尾。
8．文字
论文写作用字应按照《出版物汉字使用管理规定》执行，遣词造句应符合现代汉语规范，除专业要求和写作需要外，避免使用旧体字、异体字和繁体字。
9．标点符号
标点符号的使用应遵照《标点符号用法》(GB/T 15834—2011)的有关规定。除前引号、前括号、破折号、省略号外，其余都应紧接文字后面，不能排在行首。夹注及表格内的文句末尾不用句号。著作、文章、文件、刊物、报纸名等均用书名号。用数字简称的会议或事件，只在数字上加引号。用地名简称的，不加引号。
10．数字
数字的使用执行《出版物上数字用法的规定》（GB/T 15835—2011），凡公历世纪、年代、年、月、日、时刻和各种记数与计量（包括正负数、分数、小数、百分比、约数），要求使用阿拉伯数字。定型的词、词组、成语、惯用词、缩略语或具有修辞色彩的词语中作为语素的数字，必须使用汉字。相邻的两个数字并列连用表示概数，必须使用汉字，连用的两个数字之间不得用顿号“、”隔开。
论文的结论是最终的、总体的结论，不是正文中各段的小结的简单重复。结论应该准确、完整、明确、精练。
如果不可能导出应有的结论，也可以就没有结论而进行必要的讨论。
可以在结论或讨论中提出建议、研究设想、仪器设备改进意见、尚待解决的问题等。
（九）后记、致谢
一般在正文之后，包括内容如下：
—— 对国家科学基金、资助研究工作的奖学金基金、合同单位、资助或支持的企业、组织或个人致谢。
—— 对协助完成研究工作和提供便利条件的组织或个人致谢。
—— 对在研究工作中提出建议和提供帮助的人致谢。
—— 对给予转载和引用权的资料、图片、文献、研究思想和设想的所有者致谢。
—— 对其他应感谢的组织和个人致谢。
（十）参考文献
参考文献是论文研究和写作过程中参考或引证的主要文献资料，应按规定列在论文末尾。列举参考文献时须标明序号、著作或文章的标题、作者、出版物信息。
参考文献的标注方式应按《文后参考文献著录规则》（GB/T 7714—2005）的规定执行，具体要求如下：
(1)按论文中引用文献的先后顺序排列，用阿拉伯数字编序，将序号置于方括号内。
(2)包括主要责任者、题名项、文献类型标志、其他责任者（译者）、版本项（初版不著录）、出版项（出版地、出版者、出版年）、文献出处或电子文献的可获得地址、文献起止页码、文献标准编号。
(3)著作方式相同的责任者不超过3个时，全部照录。超过3个时，只著录前3个责任者，其后加“，等”。作者姓名之间用“，”分开。
(4)参考文献类型标识分为普通图书M 、会议论文C、报纸文章N、期刊文章J、学位论文D、报告R、标准S、专利P、汇编G、档案B、古籍O、参考工具K、其他未说明的文献类型Z；数据库DB、计算机程序CP、电子公告EB。电子文献的载体类型及其标志分为磁带 MT、磁盘 DK、光盘 CD、联机网络 OL。
（5）参考文献著录格式必须规范。由于《文后参考文献著录规则》（GB/T 7714—2005）与《中国高等学校自然科学学报编排规范（修订版）》等具体要求在细节上有不一致之处，参考文献著录格式不再一一细讲。
（十一）附录
附录是论文主体的补充项目，并不是必须的。
下列内容可以作为附录编于论文后：
—— 为了整篇论文材料的完整，但编入正文又有损于编排的条理和逻辑性，这一材料包括比正文更为详尽的信息、研究方法和技术更深入的叙述，建议可以阅读的参考文献题录，对了解正文内容有用的补充信息等。
—— 由于篇幅过大或取材于复制品而不便于编入正文的材料。
—— 不便于编入正文的罕见珍贵资料。
—— 对一般读者并非必要阅读，但对本专业同行有参考价值的资料。
—— 某些重要的原始数据、数学推导、计算程序、框图、结构图、注释、统计表、计算机打印输出件等。
（十二）学位论文数据集
由反映学位论文主要内容的数据组成，共33项：
A1 关键词*，A2 密级*，A3 中图分类号*， A4 UDC， A5 论文资助*；
B1 学位授予单位名称*，B2 学位授予单位代码*，B3 学位类别*，B4 学位级别*；
C1 论文题名*，C2 并列题名，C3 论文语种*；
D1 作者姓名*，D2 学号*；
E1 培养单位名称*，E2 培养单位代码*，E3 培养单位地址，E4 邮编；
F1 学科专业*，F2 研究方向*，F3 学制*，F4 学位授予年*，F5 论文提交日期*；
G1 导师姓名*，G2 职称*；
H2 评阅人；H2 答辩委员会主席*，H3 答辩委员会成员；
I1 电子版论文提交格式，I2 电子版论文出版（发布）者，I3 电子版论文出版（发布）地，I4 权限声明；
J1 论文总页数*。
注： 有星号 * 者为必选项，共22项。
另注：关于学位论文的编排，请具体参见《学位论文编写规则》（GB/T 7713.1—2006）的编排格式。
三、科研项目的申请与实施规范
为了促进科研工作的科学化、规范化管理，科研项目的申请和实施必须严格遵守相关规定和规范，以有效推进科学研究发展，促进学术交流和相互协作。
（一）项目申请规范
研究人员在申报科研项目（或课题）前应在选题立项方面做好充分的文献调研及查新等准备工作，并进行充分的可行性论证。选题应符合国家科技、经济和社会发展战略，具有一定的学术价值和创新意义，理论研究应结合国际科学发展趋势，注重探索并有所创新；应用类研究应侧重对科技进步和社会发展具有实际运用价值。
在申报立项的材料中，应真实客观地反映国内外研究现状，申报项目（或课题）的研究内容、目标和拟解决的问题，该项目（或课题）的研究意义，特色和创新点，拟采取的研究方案及可行性分析，目前的研究基础、工作条件，研究人员的科研水平和能力，年度研究计划和预期研究结果，研究经费概算等。申报时必须遵循实事求是的原则，严禁弄虚作假，通过不正当手段获取项目（或课题），如夸大学术价值和实用意义、剽窃他人研究成果、伪造个人信息、虚报个人研究成果、伪造专家评价或相关证明材料等。
（二）项目实施规范
科研项目（或课题）的实施应严格执行项目计划书，不得擅自变更研究内容或者研究计划，必须按期开展研究项目，并按照相关规定接受中期检查，确保按时完成目标任务，还应及时提交研究成果或报告[1]。
科研过程应始终诚实守信，坚持严谨细致、求真务实的科学态度，如实记录实验原始数据和结果，不得捏造、篡改数据和研究结果，禁止抄袭和剽窃他人研究成果和作品。在经费使用上，必须严格按照有关经费管理规定，合理使用科研经费，不得侵占、挪用项目（或课题）经费，并对经费使用的真实性、有效性和合理性承担相应责任。
四、其他学术环节的规范原则
（一）学术成果规范原则
学术成果应体现研究方法的科学性和严谨性，注重学术质量，反对粗制滥造和低水平重复，杜绝虚假实验数据或统计资料，不得以任何方式抄袭、剽窃或侵吞他人学术成果。
学术成果在署名时应实事求是，按照对研究成果实际贡献大小顺序排列，署名者应对该项成果承担相应责任。
学术成果的发表应遵守《中华人民共和国著作权法》等法律法规，严禁成果造假剽窃，未经他人同意不得将合作科研成果以个人名义发表；成果发表应通过正规渠道；学术成果不得重复发表[1]。
（二） 学术评价规范原则
学术评价应坚持客观、公正、准确的原则，采用同行专家评审制，实行回避制度和民主表决制度，对评价对象应以学术价值或社会效益作为评价基本标准。评审时应措辞严谨、准确，慎用“原创”“首创”“首次”“国内领先”“国际领先”“世界水平”“填补重大空白”“重大突破”等词语[1]。评价机构和专家应对其评价意见负责，对其因虚假评价等不良行为造成的后果承担相应责任。
（三）学术批评规范原则
学术批评应以学术为本，以文本为中心，尊重他人，尊重他人学术成果，实事求是、以理服人，对相应学术观点、研究方法提出批评和思考，提出自身观点和意见，不得进行人身攻击，批评者应当正确使用学术批评权利，并必须承担相应责任。
同时，坚持“百花齐放，百家争鸣”的方针，积极倡导学术批评与争论，反对学术霸权和学术报复，积极推进不同学术观点之间的自由讨论、相互交流与学术争鸣。
（四）数据处理规范原则
学术研究结果应该建立在确凿的实验、试验、观察或调查数据的基础上，因此论著中的数据必须是真实可靠的，不能有丝毫的虚假。学术研究工作者应该忠实地记录和保存原始数据，不能捏造和篡改。虽然在论著中由于篇幅限制、写作格式等原因无法全面展示原始数据，但是一旦有其他研究人员对论文中的数据提出疑问，或希望做进一步了解，论文作者应该能够向质疑者、询问者提供原始数据。因此，在论文发表之后，有关的实验记录、原始数据仍然必须继续保留一段时间，一般至少要保存5年。如果论文结果受到了质疑，就应该无限期地保存原始数据以便接受审核。
一般认为，对于研究结果需通过图像软件对图像数据进行处理绘制论文插图，如由于原图的阳性结果不清晰，用图像软件通过调节对比度等方式让图像更清晰，这是可以的，但是不可以添加或删减图像像素。
（五）论著发表的规范
重要的学术成果应该争取在国际学术期刊上发表，接受国际同行的评议。一篇论文只能投给一家期刊，只有在确知被退稿后，才能改投其他期刊。论文发表后，他人有权做恰当的引用和进一步了解该成果的细节。国家资助的成果发表后应该与同行共享。
论著发表中需要列举自己作为合署作者的论文时应该保留论著原有的排名顺序，不应该为了突出自己而改变原论著的排名顺序。采用黑体字或画线的方式让自己的名字突出则是可以的。如果一篇论文的合署作者人数较多时，不能全部列出，那么应该在列出的最后一名作者后面注明etc，让读者清楚地知道后面还有其他作者未列出来。
在列出发表的学术专著时，应该清楚地写明自己的贡献。如果自己只是专著的主编，应该注明“编”或“Ed.”，如果自己只是参与写作专著中的某个章节，也应该注明该章节。
（六）学术履历的撰写
学术履历的撰写要客观、准确地评价所受教育经历和学术成就，在履历中应该写明自己获得的各种学位的时间，如果还未获得的学位，可注明预计获得的时间。介绍在国外的学习、研究经历时，中英文表述应当一致。
素养篇
一、合理安排时间
l 在作业或课题任务下达后，首先明确完成的期限并在工作日历上做好标记；
l 不要试图在将作业或课题任务拖延到最后的截止日期来完成；
l 做好计划，循序渐进，特别是在同时接受多项作业或课题时，每天都应当对应不同的任务安排一定的时间推动进程；
l 如果确实感到时间紧张，难以在期限内完成作业或课题，应当提前向任课老师或导师说明情况，避免过高的时间压力造成抄袭或剽窃。
二、认真记录笔记
抄袭是发生率最高也最严重的学术不端行为，但许多最终被认定为抄袭的作者都声称自己是无心之失。不良的笔记习惯在不同程度上造成了他们的错误：许多作者在前期查阅资料、搜集资源时会记录下对自己撰文有用的信息，但却没有记录下这些信息的作者和来源；当他们在后期写作时，参考自己的笔记并且将这些语言和观点写入自己文章时，很难做出清晰的注释，有时甚至误认为这些材料为自己原创。特别是在各种信息资源数字化、网络化的今天，海量的科研素材，便利的获取方式都可能更容易地引起这种错误发生，从而导致抄袭或剽窃。
这种由于不严谨、漫不经心引起的抄袭应引起特别关注，养成良好的笔记习惯是重要的方法：
l 养成阅读文献做好笔记的良好习惯，列出摘录清单，标明书籍名称、文章标题、在线资源来源和地址；
l 无论是引用原文、改述他人观点或者引用提纲、数据、图表，都应当记录下原作者、原文标题、来源和具体页码；
l 在撰文时引用他人原文的，应当由开始至结束，用引号准确地标示出来；
l 过失性的抄袭还可能发生在改述的过程中。改述，是指使用了他人的文句或观点，但用自己的方式及语言重新阐释。作者往往希望用自己的语言来描述或总结从其他作者文中获取的信息，却失于重复率过高而原创性不足。恰当地改述需要经常性的练习，以及该领域专业知识的积累，同时遵循一定的规则：
（1）在改述时，对于原素材的再处理必须体现出作者的创造性，而不是单纯再现原作者成果；
（2）一项好的改述，应当包含较丰富的素材和信息量，融合该领域较多学者而不是单一作者的文句或观点；
（3）应当就改述的内容对作者、来源做出注释；
（4）应当注意，改述在介绍背景信息时运用较为广泛，而在文章核心论证的部分运用改述应格外谨慎；
三、积极咨询求助
如果你对作业或者课题任务有任何困惑不解的地方，都应当积极地咨询求助：
l 咨询导师或专业课教师。有效地运用上课时间，向老师提出问题获得指导；建立恰当的课后沟通机制，座谈、电话以及电邮联络都是很好的选择。
l 咨询学院相关部门。
l 咨询学校相关部门。
（学院和学校相关部门工作内容有待增补）
四、善用多种资源
四川大学为促进学生课程学习、科研开展、学术规范还提供了一系列服务支持平台：
l 图书馆
l 学术诚信与科学探索网下载中心
（内容尚待增补，可附上链接，并简单介绍使用方法等）
示例篇
宾夕法尼亚大学 （The University of Pennsylvania）
（可以接受的改述）
（不被接受的改述）
芝加哥大学 （The University of Chicago）
ACADEMIC HONESTY AND PLAGIARISM
It is contrary to justice, academic integrity, and to the spirit of intellectual inquiry to submit another’s statements orideas of work as one's own. To do so is plagiarism or cheating, offenses punishable under the University's disciplinary system. Because these offenses undercut the distinctive moral and intellectual character of the University, we take them very seriously.
Proper acknowledgment of another's ideas, whether by direct quotation or paraphrase, is expected. In particular, if any written or electronic source is consulted and material is used from that source, directly or indirectly, the source should be identified by author, title, and page number, or by website and date accessed. Any doubts about what constitutes "use" should be addressed to the instructor.
ACADEMIC FRAUD
Charges of academic fraud against students are subject to the University's policy on academic fraud when the regulations of the external sponsors (e.g. the federal government) are involved as determined by the Office of the Provost. In all other cases, charges of academic fraud against students are subject to this academic fraud policy only to the extent that they involve dissertations of students who have received their degrees, or work published or submitted for publication; other cases of academic fraud by students are subject to the University's area disciplinary system.
DISSERTATION REQUIREMENTS
Doctoral dissertations are original contributions to scholarship. As a condition for receipt of the doctorate, all students are required to execute a publication agreement with Pro Quest UMI Dissertation Publishing.
The public sharing of original dissertation research is a principle to which the University is deeply committed, and dissertations should be made available to the scholarly community at the University of Chicago and elsewhere in a timely manner. In exceptional circumstances such as potential endangerment of research subjects or the dissertation author, for example, students may choose an embargo period in ProQuest, in consultation with their advisor and after receiving permission from the Deputy Provost for Graduate Education. If a dissertation includes copyrighted material beyond fair use, the author must obtain permission from the holder of the copyright.
All dissertations must follow the formatting and submission requirements stated in University-wide Requirements for the Ph.D. Dissertation, available from the Dissertation Office on the first floor of the Joseph Regenstein Library http://phd.lib.uchicago.edu .
哥伦比亚大学 （Columbia University）
Evaluating the Credibility of Your Sources
Remember, your use of sources is a means of supporting the argument you make. This means that the sources you reference need to be credible and authoritative. How do you know that your sources are of value? Ask yourself the following questions:
Where was the source published?
· Is it in a peer-reviewed scholarly journal (i.e. an article that is evaluated by other experts in the field) or published by a university press, professional society, or scientific publisher (all of which also operate peer-review processes)? These texts will have scholarly credibility.
· Was the source published on-line? This is not necessarily bad, but it will depend on who published it, why it was published, and how you intend to use the material. For example, there are on-line journals that utilize peer-review thus providing greater credibility to the publication. But there are many articles published under the guise of scholarly work, by individuals claiming expertise but which are of highly questionable credibility. If you have doubts about an on-line source, you can discuss it with your instructor or TA and you can elect not to use it.
Who wrote it?
· You can undertake brief on-line research into the author. Is the author affiliated with a university or another institution? What else has the author written? Citation databases will also tell you the number of times this source has been cited by other academics, giving you further insight into its credibility.
Is the piece timely and appropriate for its field?
· In some disciplines, material can become outdated very swiftly. In others, texts can continue to be considered valuable for longer. You should search for additional texts on the topic to find related sources, sources in which this source is cited, and sources that cite this source in order to get a stronger picture of its intellectual relevance and value.
For whom is the source written?
· Is the intended audience a scholarly one? If so, it should have a clear bibliography that you will also be able to consult for further sources.
Will you use the source as a primary or secondary text?
· If the material does not measure up to expected standards of scholarly work, it may still be of use to you. But as a primary text – that is to say, a text that needs to be analyzed – rather than a secondary text – which is a text that might support your argument or provide a theoretical framework for your analysis, for example.
For further guidance, Anice Mills, the Undergraduate Services Librarian, in 205 Butler Library, can help you evaluate online sources for credibility.
Study Skills and Work Habits
Some of the most important factors that protect you from intentionally or unintentionally committing an act of academic dishonesty are developing good study skills and establishing good work habits.
Study skills
In order to do your best work, it is important that you become skilled in:
· Listening
· Concentrating
· Note-taking
· Reading
· Writing
· Time management
· Organization and planning
Good study habits
Similarly, there are simple actions you can take that help you to make the most of your studying. For example:
· Identify your most productive times of the day – schedule study sessions at this time
· Identify goals for each study session
· Plan to study your hardest subjects first
· Find a calm space for studying, away from distractions
· Vary activities
· Take regular breaks
· Drink plenty of water
· Before each study session, review notes
· After class, review notes
· Identify what you don’t understand and sources for clarification, such as attending office hours with the instructor or TA.
· Plan your work well ahead of deadlines
When to Cite Sources
What is a citation?
A citation provides enough information to enable a reader to find the same original source material. Typically, this will include author, title of text, date of publication, place of publication, and publisher.
When to cite sources
You must cite all sources that have directly or indirectly contributed to your analysis, synthesis, and/or argument in the work you submit.
Quotes
You should quote your sources when it is important to convey the original author’s precise words.
· If you use the exact text – words, phrases, sentences – you must enclose them in quotation marks and cite.
· Short quotes – words and phrases – can be embedded into the text you write. Longer quotes – sentences and paragraphs – should be indented and separated from your words.
Paraphrase
· If you rewrite the original text in your own words, you must cite the source.
Summarize
· If you summarize the argument or data of another author, you must cite the source.
Indebtedness
· You must cite any text you read that helped you think about your paper even if you do not reference it directly in the text of your paper.
· If a person assisted you in clarifying your thoughts – either in conversation or email correspondence – you must cite this source.
One way might be to acknowledge in a footnote connected to your paper’s title or opening sentence your indebtedness to a book or person (noting the date(s) of any relevant conversation or correspondence). Alternatively, for a more significant piece of work – such as an independent study or senior thesis – you can include a paragraph of acknowledgements, noting the range of assistance you received from many people.
Common Knowledge
Common knowledge is information that a reader can reasonably be expected to know. It does not need to be cited.
· For example, “Barak Obama, the President of the United States, was a student of Columbia College” can be considered to be common knowledge and does not need to be referenced.
However, common knowledge does not include opinion.
· For example, you might agree with the statement “Columbia College is the best college” – but this is an opinion, not common knowledge and to make this case you would have to cite sources and data that support the supposition.
You should therefore be careful in the assumptions that you make in assessing what might be considered common knowledge.
Moreover, what might be common knowledge in one discipline might not be common knowledge in another discipline. It is important, then, to learn from your instructor the expectations for citing common knowledge in any given class.
If in any doubt, err on the side of caution and cite your source.
How to Cite
Learning to cite correctly can be challenging. There are many different citation styles, which are often discipline- or division-specific. You should seek guidance from your instructor or TA to ensure that you understand the citation expectations for any given class.
The most common citation styles are as follows:
Humanities
Mathematics and Science
American Chemical Society (ACS) – Chemical Sciences
American Institute of Physics (AIP) - Astronomy, Astrophysics, and Physics
Council of Science Editors (CSE) – Biological Sciences
Mathematics and Computer Science
Social Sciences
American Anthropological Association (AAA) – Anthropology and Ethnography
American Psychological Association (APA) – Social Sciences
Chicago Manual of Style - History
An invaluable online resource is Charles Lipson’s book “Cite Right: A Quick Guide to Citation Styles – MLA, APA, Chicago, the Sciences, Professions, and More”. Published in 2008 by University of Chicago Press, this book is available electronically through Columbia University’s Library.
In addition, Anice Mills, the Undergraduate Services Librarian, in 205 Butler Library, can help you create bibliographies and cite sources using a variety of citation styles and software.
斯坦福大学（Stanford University）
The Honor Code is the University's statement on academic integrity written by students in 1921. It articulates University expectations of students and faculty in establishing and maintaining the highest standards in academic work.
The Honor Code is an undertaking of the students, individually and collectively:
that they will not give or receive aid in examinations; that they will not give or receive unpermitted aid in class work, in the preparation of reports, or in any other work that is to be used by the instructor as the basis of grading;
that they will do their share and take an active part in seeing to it that others as well as themselves uphold the spirit and letter of the Honor Code.
The faculty on its part manifests its confidence in the honor of its students by refraining from proctoring examinations and from taking unusual and unreasonable precautions to prevent the forms of dishonesty mentioned above. The faculty will also avoid, as far as practicable, academic procedures that create temptations to violate the Honor Code.
While the faculty alone has the right and obligation to set academic requirements, the students and faculty will work together to establish optimal conditions for honorable academic work.
Examples of conduct that have been regarded as being in violation of the Honor Code include:
Copying from another’s examination paper or allowing another to copy from one’s own paper
Unpermitted collaboration
Plagiarism
Revising and resubmitting a quiz or exam for regrading, without the instructor’s knowledge and consent
Giving or receiving unpermitted aid on a take-home examination
Representing as one’s own work the work of another
Giving or receiving aid on an academic assignment under circumstances in which a reasonable person should have known that such aid was not permitted
Penalties for Violating the Honor Code
In recent years, most student disciplinary cases have involved Honor Code violations; of these, the most frequent arise when a student submits another’s work as his or her own, or gives or receives unpermitted aid. The standard penalty for a first offense includes a one-quarter suspension from the University and 40 hours of community service. In addition, most faculty members issue a "No Pass" or "No Credit" for the course in which the violation occurred. The standard penalty for multiple violations (e.g. cheating more than once in the same course) is a three-quarter suspension and 40 or more hours of community service.
杜克大学（Duke University）
Academic Misconduct
The University considers academic misconduct to be a disciplinary matter. Any form of malpractice associated with assessment of any kind is a serious matter which can result in expulsion from the University.
Such malpractice may take the form of:
plagiarism : unacknowledged quotation or close paraphrasing of other people's writing, amounting to the presentation of another person's thoughts or writings as one's own. This includes material which is available on the world-wide web and in any other electronic form;
multiple submission that is the inappropriate submission of the same or substantially the same work of one's own for summative assessment, in connection with an academic award.
collusion : working with one or more other students to produce work which is then presented as one's own in a situation in which this is inappropriate or not permitted and/or without acknowledging the collaboration;
impersonation : presenting work on behalf of someone else as if it were the work of the other individual;
cheating : using any inappropriate or unauthorised means to achieve credit for a piece of coursework or an examination answer;
use of inadmissible material : using material which is not permitted to achieve credit for a piece of coursework or an examination answer.
哈佛大学（Harvard University）
Plagiarism and Collaboration
All homework assignments, projects, lab reports, papers, and examinations submitted to a course are expected to be the student’s own work. Students should always take great care to distinguish their own ideas and knowledge from information derived from sources. The term “sources” includes not only primary and secondary material published in print or online, but also information and opinions gained directly from other people.
The responsibility for learning the proper forms of citation lies with the individual student. Quotations must be placed properly within quotation marks and must be cited fully. In addition, all paraphrased material must be acknowledged completely. Whenever ideas or facts are derived from a student’s reading and research or from a student’s own writings, the sources must be indicated (see also Submission of the Same Work to More Than One Course)
A computer program written to satisfy a course requirement is, like a paper, expected to be the original work of the student submitting it. Copying a program from another student or any other source is a form of academic dishonesty; so is deriving a program substantially from the work of another.
The amount of collaboration with others that is permitted in the completion of assignments can vary, depending upon the policy set by the head of the course. Students must assume that collaboration in the completion of assignments is prohibited unless explicitly permitted by the instructor. Students must acknowledge any collaboration and its extent in all submitted work.
Students are expected to be familiar with the booklets Writing with Sources and Writing With Internet Sources, which they receive freshman year and are available under “Resources for Students” at www.fas.harvard.edu/~expos. Students who are in any doubt about the preparation of academic work should consult their instructor and Resident Dean before the work is prepared or submitted.
Students who, for whatever reason, submit work either not their own or without clear attribution to its sources will be subject to disciplinary action, and ordinarily required to withdraw from the College.
Submission of the Same Work to More Than One Course
It is the expectation of every course that all work submitted to it will have been done solely for that course. If the same or similar work is to be submitted to any other course, the prior written permission of the instructor must be obtained. If the same or similar work is to be submitted to more than one course during the same term, the prior written permission of all instructors involved must be obtained. A student who submits the same or similar work to more than one course without such prior permission is subject to disciplinary action, and ordinarily will be required to withdraw from the College. Students are urged to consult their Resident Dean or the instructors involved with questions concerning this important matter (see also Plagiarism and Collaboration).
Tutoring Schools and Term Paper Companies
In keeping with the principle that all material submitted to a course should be the student’s own work, any undergraduate who makes use of the services of a commercial tutoring school or term paper company is liable to disciplinary action. Students who sell lecture or reading notes, papers, translations, or who are employed by a tutoring school or term paper company, are similarly liable and may be required to withdraw. If a student wishes to accept compensation for private tutoring in Harvard courses, prior written permission of the Dean of the College is required.
Official Forms and Petitions
Students should understand that providing false or misleading information or signing any other person’s name or initials on a study card, Plan of Study, change-of-course petition, registration form, or on any other official form or petition will make them subject to disciplinary action, including requirement to withdraw.
麻省理工学院 （MIT）
Academic Integrity: What is Academic Integrity?
Fundamental to the academic work you do at MIT is an expectation that you will make choices that reflect integrity and responsible behavior.
MIT will ask much of you. Occasionally, you may feel overwhelmed by the amount of work you need to accomplish. You may be short of time, with several assignments due the same day. The pressure can be intense. On the Working Under Pressure page, we suggest resources to help you manage your workload and prevent yourself from becoming overwhelmed. However, no matter what level of stress you may find yourself under, MIT expects you to approach your work with honesty and integrity.
Honesty is the foundation of good academic work. Whether you are working on a problem set, lab report, project or paper, avoid engaging in plagiarism, unauthorized collaboration, cheating, or facilitating academic dishonesty. Follow this advice:
Plagiarism
Do Don't
Trust the value of your own intellect. Don't purchase papers or have someone write a paper for you.
Undertake research honestly and credit others for their work. Don't copy ideas, data or exact wording without citing your source.
Unauthorized Collaboration
Do Don't
Do your own thinking. Don’t collaborate with another student beyond the extent specifically approved by the instructor.
Cheating
Do Don't
Demonstrate your own achievement. Don’t copy answers from another student; don’t ask another student to do your work for you. Don’t fabricate results. Don’t use electronic or other devices during exams.
Accept corrections from the instructor as part of the learning process. Don’t alter graded exams and submit them for re-grading.
Do original work for each class. Don’t submit projects or papers that have been done for a previous class.
Facilitating Academic Dishonesty
Do Don't
Showcase your own abilities. Don’t allow another student to copy your answers on assignments or exams. Don’t take an exam or complete an assignment for another student.
牛津大学（The University of Oxford）
Extracts from Academic Good Practice: A Practical Guide
What is plagiarism?
Plagiarism is the copying or paraphrasing of other people’s work or ideas into your own work without full acknowledgement. All published and unpublished material, whether in
manuscript, printed or electronic form, is covered under this definition. Collusion is another form of plagiarism involving the unauthorised collaboration of students (or others) in a piece of work.
What happens if you are suspected of plagiarism?
The regulations regarding conduct in examinations apply equally to the submission and
assessment of a thesis, dissertation, essay, or other coursework not undertaken in formal
examination conditions but which counts towards or constitutes the work for a degree or
other academic award. Cases of suspected plagiarism in assessed work are investigated under the disciplinary regulations concerning conduct in examinations.
Intentional or reckless plagiarism may incur severe penalties, including failure of your degree or expulsion from the university. If plagiarism is suspected in a piece of work submitted for assessment in an examination, the matter will be referred to the Proctors. They will thoroughly investigate the claim and summon the student concerned for interview. If at this point there is no evidence of a breach of the regulations, no further action will be taken. However, if it is concluded that an intentional or reckless breach of the regulations has occurred, the Proctors will refer the case to one of two disciplinary panels.
If you are suspected of plagiarism your College Secretary/Academic Administrator and
subject tutor will support you through the process and arrange for a member of Congregation to accompany you to all hearings. They will be able to advise you what to expect during the investigation and how best to make your case.
学术规范